Akwai wurare da ke magana a hankali, kusan a cikin rada, kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu shine majami'u. Wannan sautin takunku, ƙamshin kakin zuma da tsohon dutse, da kuma duhun da hasken wuta masu launi suka huda. Suna ƙirƙirar yanayi wanda yake da wuya a bayyana shi da kalmomi. Ba lallai ne ka zama mai imani ba kafin ka ji fatar jikinka tana yin ƙaiƙayi lokacin da ka ketare ƙofar babban cocin Gothic na Turai.
A Turai, manyan coci ba wai gine-ginen addini kawai ba ne: Su ne tarin duwatsu inda ake adana ƙarnuka na imani, iko, fasaha, da rayuwar yau da kullum.Bikin Sarauta, jana'izar sarakuna da sarauniya, jerin gwano, yaƙe-yaƙe, gobara, gyare-gyare marasa iyaka… duk wannan ya faru ne a ƙarƙashin rumbunan ajiyarsa. Daga cikinsu duka, akwai guda uku waɗanda koyaushe suke samun damar shiga cikin jerin abubuwan da dole ne a gani saboda kyawunsu, tarihinsu, da kuma wani abu da za a iya fahimta kawai lokacin da kake ciki.
1. Notre Dame de Paris: matar Seine ta har abada
A tsakiyar birnin Paris, a kan Île de la Cité da kuma a gefen Seine, akwai Notre Dame, ɗaya daga cikin manyan majami'u mafi shahara a duniya. Siffar Gothic ɗinsa, tare da hasumiyai biyu da ke gefen babban facade, ya zama mafi shahara a cikin birnin tsawon ƙarni.har sai da Hasumiyar Eiffel ta isa don fafatawa don samun haske.
An fara gina Notre Dame a farkon karni na 12, wanda hakan ya sanya shi cikin manyan masu tasowa a cikin salon Gothic na Turai. Tsarin bene na Latin ɗinsa, wanda ke da magudanar ruwa guda biyar da kuma hanyoyin gefe biyu, ya nuna ainihin injiniyanci da imani.Bugu da ƙari, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cocin coci na farko da suka haɗa da ginshiƙai masu tashi a tsari, waɗannan siririn tallafi na waje waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗaga ganuwar da buɗe manyan tagogi.
A tsawon tarihinta, ya kasance wurin da manyan abubuwan suka faru. A cikin ganuwar birnin, an yi bikin naɗin Napoleon Bonaparte a matsayin sarki, da kuma ɗaukaka Joan of Arc.Waɗannan wurare guda biyu sun ƙunshi cikakkiyar ma'anar siyasa da addini na ginin. Tsawon ƙarni, sassakansa sun yi aiki a matsayin "littafin talakawa" na gaske: kayan taimako da hotuna waɗanda ke ba da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki ga waɗanda ba su iya karatu ba.
Kafin gobarar ta 2019, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga matafiya shine hawa hasumiyoyin. Kusan matakai 400 da ke kaiwa ga kyakkyawan ra'ayi a kan Seine, rufin gidaje na Paris, da kuma hanyar gargoyles da chimeras Suna lura da birnin daga sama. Wannan aiki ne na zahiri wanda ya fi ramawa daga kallon da ke kewaye da shi, kodayake a yau hanyar shiga ba ta da iyaka saboda aikin gyara.
Gobarar da ta faru a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2019, ta lalata rufin da kuma titin jirgin, lamarin da ya sa Notre Dame ta zama labarin duniya baki daya. Aikin sake ginawa ya kasance ƙalubale na fasaha da na alama, inda duniya ke kallon shirin sake buɗewa don ya zo daidai da manyan taruka na ƙasa da ƙasa a birnin Paris.A halin yanzu, cocin ya kasance abin koyi na ruhaniya da yawon bude ido, duk da cewa ana kallonsa daga waje kuma ba za a iya jin daɗinsa sosai a cikinsa ba.
Da zarar an shiga (lokacin da ya sake yiwuwa), abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki shi ne jin kamar an tsaya a tsaye. Ginshiƙan suna tashi kamar dazuzzukan dutse, tagogi masu gilashi masu launi suna ba da launi ga duhun, kuma hasken yana fitowa kamar an tace shi daga wani lokaci.Kowace cocin gefe, kowace taga tagar fure, da kuma kowane sassaka yana ƙara ma'ana ga haikali wanda ba wai kawai wurin tarihi ne na Faransa ba, har ma da duk Turai.
2. Cathedral na Milan: dajin marmara na babban birnin Lombard
Idan Notre Dame yana da alaƙa da Paris, Duomo shine zuciyar Milan. Babban cocin yana kallon babban filin birnin kuma yana daidaita yanayin rayuwar Milanese, kewaye da gidajen shayi, wuraren shakatawa na siyayya da kuma hayaniya da "babban birnin fashion"Facade ɗinsa mai launin fari da ruwan hoda, cike da spiers da sassaka, ainihin zane ne na dutse.
An fara gina shi a ƙarni na 14 kuma ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 600, aikin da ba shi da iyaka. Duk da cewa an buɗe fuskar bangon ta a shekarar 1418, an ci gaba da gyara ta kuma an kammala ta tsawon ƙarni da yawa.A gaskiya ma, ana ci gaba da aikin tsaftacewa da gyarawa a yau domin tabbatar da cewa marmarar ta ci gaba da haskakawa.
Da fadin murabba'in mita 11.700, Duomo zai iya ɗaukar mutane har 40.000 a ciki, adadi mai ban sha'awa kawai don karantawa. Ita ce babbar coci a Italiya bayan cocin St. Peter's Basilica a Vatican, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikali a Turai.Cikin gidan, tare da ginshiƙansa masu tsayi waɗanda suka yi kama da dajin dutse da haske mai tacewa, yana nuna gaurayen girma da tunani.
An keɓe babban cocin ga Saint Mary, kuma ɗaya daga cikin alamomin da aka fi sani da shi shine sanannen Madonnina. mutum-mutumin zinare na Budurwa wanda ke kan tudun mafi tsayiGa mutanen Milan, abin ya fi ado kawai: abin ado ne na asali, har ma akwai al'adar da ba a rubuta ba ta rashin gina gine-gine masu tsayi fiye da Madonnina, ko aƙalla a sake gina su a sama idan tsayinsu ya wuce.
Waje na Duomo darasi ne na gaskiya game da sassaka na Gothic da Neo-Gothic. An yi masa ado da dubban siffofi, gargoyles, kayan tarihi da cikakkun bayanai, gami da mutum-mutumin da aka sani da "Sabuwar Dokar" (1810)wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin wata kwarin gwiwa ga Statue of Liberty na Bartholdi a New York. Domin a yaba masa sosai, ziyarar da za a yi a saman rufin gidan kusan wajibi ne.
Hawan benen — ko dai ta hanyar lif ko ta matakala — yana ba ku damar tafiya tsakanin tsaunuka da sassaka, tare da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na hanyar sadarwa ta spiers da kuma sararin samaniyar MilaneseYana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wurare inda, ko kyamara a hannu ko a'a, yana da wuya a daina kallon ko'ina don kada a rasa ko da cikakken bayani.
Cikin gidan kuma yana ɗauke da ayyukan fasaha da taskokin ibada da yawa. Daga cikin manyan tagogi masu gilashi masu launi, kayan bagadi, da sassaka, Duomo yana aiki a matsayin wani nau'in gidan tarihi na addini da tarihin Milan.Kowace coci tana ɗauke da ƙaramin labari, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da iyalai masu daraja, ƙungiyoyi, ko manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin birnin.
Gaskiyar cewa, bayan fiye da ƙarni shida, Duomo har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa "ba a gama ba" ya dace sosai da halinsa. Babban coci ne wanda ba ya daina ci gaba, wanda ake tsaftacewa, gyarawa da sake fassara shi zuwa tsara.Wataƙila shi ya sa, idan ka zauna a dandalin, kana fuskantar fuskar gini, kana jin kamar kana gaban wani aiki da ke ci gaba koyaushe, kamar birnin kanta.
3. Cologne Cathedral: Gothic spire da ke mamaye Rhine
A Jamus, idan mutane suna magana game da manyan abubuwan tarihi, mutane da yawa suna tunanin gidajen tarihi na zamanin da da kuma katangar bakin kogi. Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom) ya tabbatar da cewa majami'un Gothic ba su da nisa sosai a cikin abubuwan ban mamaki.Ita ce abin tunawa da aka fi ziyarta a ƙasar kuma UNESCO ta ayyana ta a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a shekarar 1996.
Hasumiyai biyu, waɗanda manyan manyan birane ke samansu, sun kai tsawon sama da mita 150. A wani lokaci, Cologne Cathedral ita ce mafi tsayin gini a duniya, har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.Ana ganinsa daga ɗayan gefen Rhine ko kuma daga gadoji da ke kusa, siffarsa mai kaifi ta mamaye yanayin birni kuma ta zama wurin tunawa akai-akai.
Gina wannan babban haikalin Gothic ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 632 ba tare da an yi amfani da shi ba. Wannan dogon tsari, tare da katsewa da sake dawowa, ana iya ganinsa a cikin ƙananan sassa na tsarin gininsa, amma kuma a cikin irin ƙaunar da Jamusawa ke yi masa.Sakamakon haka shine babban coci, mai tsayin daka, wanda aka yi shi don jawo hankalin sararin samaniya.
Cologne kuma muhimmin wurin zuwa aikin hajji ne tun zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, godiya ga wani abin tarihi na musamman: An yi zaton kayan tarihi na Masu Hikima Uku, waɗanda Frederick Barbarossa, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki ya kawo daga wani babban coci a MilanAn ajiye su a cikin wani akwati mai ban mamaki na zinariya, aikin babban maƙerin zinariya Nicholas na Verdun, wanda shi kaɗai ya tabbatar da ziyarar.
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an yi wa cocin bam sau da yawa. Gabaɗaya, an kai hari aƙalla sau 14, kuma ɗaya daga cikin tagogi masu ban sha'awa da aka yi wa fenti sun lalace gaba ɗaya.Hoton ginin da ke tsaye, kewaye da birnin da ya kusa rugujewa, ya zama alamar juriya da bege.
A shekara ta 2007, mai zane na zamani Gerhard Richter ya tsara sabuwar taga mai gilashi mai launi don cocin, wanda ya ƙunshi dubban ƙananan bangarori masu launi waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar mosaic mai haske da haskeWannan shiga tsakani na zamani, ba tare da cin amanar ruhin Gothic ba, an haɗa shi a matsayin abin da zai nuna halin yanzu a cikin ginin da ya tsira daga duk wani rikici na tarihi.
Cikin Cologne Cathedral yana da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake a waje. Tsayin rumbunan, hasken da ke ratsa manyan tagogi masu gilashi, da kuma jerin bagadai, majami'u, da kaburbura suna haifar da tafiya da ta haɗu da ruhaniya da kuma kwarewar gidan tarihi.Kowanne mataki yana nufin bangaskiyar Kirista da kuma tarihin siyasa da al'adu na Rhine.
A ƙofofin haikalin, bambancin da ke tsakanin tashar jirgin ƙasa da rayuwar zamani ya kasance cikakke. Kawai ka fita waje ka ga yadda cocin ya zama wurin taro, wurin kade-kade, kasuwannin Kirsimeti da kuma tarurrukan bazata.Wannan zama tsakanin masu tsarki da na yau da kullun ya bayyana rawar da yake takawa a Turai a yau.
Sauran manyan majami'un Gothic suna fafatawa don samun matsayi na farko
Yin magana game da kyawawan majami'u guda uku kawai a Turai yana nufin barin ainihin duwatsu masu daraja. Nahiyar tana cike da haikalin Gothic da kuma manyan basilicas waɗanda zasu iya zama kan gaba a cikin kowane jerin saboda cancantarsu.Ya kamata a duba wasu daga cikinsu domin fahimtar mahallin da Notre Dame, Milan Duomo da Cologne Cathedral suka haskaka.
Misali, babban cocin León wani abin al'ajabi ne na Gothic wanda salon Faransa ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Yana da siffofi da Reims, kamar jiragen ruwa guda uku da suka faɗaɗa zuwa biyar da kuma tsarin hawa jirgin sama iri ɗaya.A ciki, sassaka kamar Budurwar Dice ta yi fice, amma abin da ya sa ta zama ta musamman shi ne haskenta: tagogi masu launin gilashi, tare da launuka masu ƙarfi, suna cika sararin ciki da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa wanda ke barin kowa ya yi magana.
A ƙasar Spain, manyan cocin Toledo da Burgos suma sun shahara. Ana ɗaukar Cathedral na Toledo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen Gothic na Spain, tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda biyar, wani wurin shakatawa mai tsayi, da kuma wurin tafiya biyu.Tsarin ibadarsa yana ɗauke da tarin zane-zane masu ban mamaki, tare da ayyukan El Greco (kamar The Disrobing of Christ and the Apostles), Caravaggio, Titian, Van Dyck, Goya, Rubens, Morales, Bassano, da sauransu da yawa. Zane-zanen Juan de Borgoña a cikin Chapter House da kuma na Luca Giordano a kan rufin ibada sun kammala wannan tarin zane-zane na farko.
A nasa ɓangaren, Babban cocin Gothic na Burgos shi ne babban cocin Gothic na farko a yankin Iberian. Cikakken sunansa —Holy Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mary— ya riga ya nuna muhimmancinsaAn fara ginin a shekarar 1221 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1567 bayan gyare-gyare da yawa, ya shahara saboda babban bangon gininsa mai buɗaɗɗen spiers, gaurayen abubuwan Gothic, Renaissance da Baroque, kuma shine wurin binne Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, El Cid, da matarsa Doña Jimena.
A Faransa, ban da Notre Dame, cocin Chartres ya yi fice. An keɓe shi ga Budurwa Maryamu, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan gine-ginen Gothic na Faransa, tare da ƙofofi masu sassaka, tagogi masu fenti, da kuma labyrinth a ƙasan nave.Wannan labyrinth, wanda aka fassara a matsayin hanyar tsarkakewa, yana jan hankalin masu bi da masoyan alamomin.
Idan muka ketare zuwa Ingila, a cikin biranen zamanin da na Ingila Lincoln Cathedral yana tsaye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan taskokin tsibirin. An gina shi a matakai daga 1072, ya samo asali daga Romanesque zuwa farkon Gothic na Ingilishi, wanda ya haɗa da baka masu kaifi, ginshiƙai masu tashi, da kuma ramuka masu kauri.A ƙarni na 14, hasumiyar ta kai mita 83 kuma an ƙara manyan tagogi biyu na fure. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke burge shi, ita ce wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na Eleanor of Castile, wani muhimmin mutum a tarihin Anglo-Spanish.
A Tsakiyar Turai, Babban cocin St Vitus a Prague Yana da matsayi mai girma. Tana cikin Prague Castle, tana aiki a matsayin zuciyar ruhaniya ta Jamhuriyar Czech kuma ita ce wurin zama na bishop na diocese tun ƙarni na 10.An naɗa sarakuna da sarauniya da yawa a nan, kuma an binne waliyyai, sarakuna, da manyan bishop da yawa a nan. Yana da salo iri-iri, amma yanayin Gothic ya yi fice sosai a tsakanin hasumiyoyin gidan sarauta.
Gabashin gabas, cocin St. Mary's Basilica da ke Krakow yana kallon dandalin kasuwa. Tare da jiragen ruwanta guda uku, hasumiyai murabba'i biyu da kuma asalinta a shekarar 1355, ya zama alamar birnin.Daga saman hasumiyar ta mafi tsayi, mai busa ƙaho yana kunna Hejnal Mariacki kowace awa, wata waƙar gargajiya ta Poland wacce, da tsakar rana, har ma ana watsa ta a rediyo, tana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin basilica da rayuwar yau da kullun ta birnin.
Wannan cikakken tsarin cocin Katolika da manyan majami'u na Turai yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar dalilin da yasa Notre Dame de Paris, Duomo na Milan da Cologne Cathedral suka fito a matsayin uku daga cikin mafi kyawun. Ba wai kawai don kyawunsu ko girmansu ba, har ma saboda sun tattara ƙarni na tarihi, fasaha, ruhaniya da rayuwar birni a wuri ɗaya, suna mai da kowace ziyara zuwa wani abin tunawa da shi bayan sun bar titi..